Privacy Rights. A look at the history of "stop and frisk," and the circumstances required to make its use legal. Before registering your startup as a limited liability company LLC or a limited liability partnership LLP you should understand the full implications of each.
Equal Rights. More US Law. This handy primer gives you an overview of the search warrant process, including your right to refuse a search, when a warrant is not required and what to do if the police show up at your doorstep.
Limited partnerships are typically used by those who need investors to help fund their business, but want less complexity, expense, and paperwork than would be involved in creating and operating a corporation or LLC. Employment Law.
One of the most important developments in employment law, it is essential to research this act and know what requirements and conditions apply to you. There are specific laws that provide protection for tenants.
Being informed when you are a renter allows you to know your rights and stand up for yourself when necessary. Forming a Sole Proprietorship. Sole proprietorships are inexpensive to form and give you more freedom and control, but they come with some significant drawbacks.
Police Lineups: Are they reliable? Resources U. The Simultaneous Lineup The classic, most familiar version is the simultaneous lineup. The witness stands behind a one-way glass mirror, and with a district attorney and a defense attorney present, the police officer will: Provide clear viewing instructions to the witness, advising that individuals may not appear as they did on the date of the crime.
Instruct those present at the lineup not to suggest the position or identity of the suspect. Ensure that all members of the lineup perform identification actions such as speech and movement.
If identification is made, avoid reporting to the witness any information regarding the selected individual before making a statement of certainty. Record the identification results in writing and by photo or video. Instruct the witness not to discuss the lineup with any other witnesses or with the media.
The Sequential Lineup In a "sequential" lineup, individuals, including the suspect, are viewed one at a time in random order. The Multiple-Identification Lineup Finally, with the help of psychologists, the "multiple-identification" lineup was developed, a version found by one recent study to provide the best evidence for prosecutors.
Do They Really Work? So, once you understand how lineups work, the question remains: are they reliable? These changes include: The person conducting the lineup should be someone other than the primary investigator on the case. A May study by the National Science Foundation found that many investigators unwittingly influence a witness' choice in a lineup through body language and eye contact. The advantage of participating in a lineup is that eyewitnesses' failure to make a positive identification may cause the police to focus their investigation elsewhere.
The disadvantage of mistaken identification is the flip side. The defendant might also accidentally provide fodder for the prosecution in the course of the events surrounding the lineup—for example, by making a comment that turns out to be incriminating.
One-way mirrors or bright lights typically make it impossible for suspects to see witnesses. Even if contact is possible, suspects definitely shouldn't try to talk to or otherwise interact with witnesses. Even a plaintive "Tell them I'm innocent" may lead to additional scrutiny from the witness and officers.
The police may even construe a suspect's attempt to talk to a witness as intimidation and cause the suspect to be charged with a separate crime! The police can generally dictate what participants wear and say during a lineup. Dressing the lineup participants as the culprit was dressed, and having them speak words that the culprit used, can increase the likelihood that an eyewitness's identification or failure to identify is accurate.
Of course, for the lineup to be fair, conditions must be the same for all participants. Example: Ann Ekdote is arrested for burglarizing a home. Wilma, the next-door neighbor, tells the police that the burglar was a woman who wore large sunglasses, carried a big shopping bag, and yelled "It's all mine! The police arrest Ann and ask Wilma to view her in a lineup. The police can dress Ann in large sunglasses and have her carry a big shopping bag if the items match Wilma's description, as long as all of the lineup participants are displayed to Wilma in the same way.
They can also require each participant to yell, "It's all mine! Moreover, the prosecution can use Ann's refusal as further evidence of her guilt at trial. Always enforce your right to counsel when facing a lineup request—or any other entreaty—from police. You should consult a knowledgeable lawyer before making any critical decisions in a criminal case. Your attorney can advise you of the nuances of the law, including how they apply to the facts of your case.
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Grow Your Legal Practice. Meet the Editors. Lineup Procedure in Criminal Cases. This is exactly what we saw in the Ronald Cotton case - Jennifer Thompson was given both a live and a photo lineup. Another type of lineup involves short videos.
This type of lineups is particularly common in England and Wales, where it must adhere to very specific guidelines from the Police and Criminal Evidence Act. Witnesses are shown videos one at a time called a sequential lineup , rather than all at once a simultaneous lineup. The answer will depend on who you ask. Why are we worse at recognising other-race faces?
Because we have less practice differentiating between them. Most of us disproportionately spend time with people who are the same race as ourselves, so we have implicit strategies that can be identified using eye tracking for telling people apart within this group.
For example, to tell the difference between white people, another white person may focus on eye and hair colour. But if that same person tries to apply these cues to differentiate between people of colour, they are likely to fall short.
This can have particularly devastating consequences in criminal justice settings, and has led to wrongful convictions. It is also likely to have played a crucial role in the misidentification of Ronald Cotton, a black man, by Jennifer Thompson, a white woman.
To overcome cross-race effects, it is particularly desirable that the initial person description is taken by a police officer who is of the same race as the alleged perpetrator. This is because such individuals are more likely to ask about, and record, characteristics that reliably differentiate between members of their own race. In reality, however, this is unlikely to always be possible, given that It is one more reason why diversity in policing is important, in addition to addressing concerns about institutional racism and how this relates to police brutality , as has been reflected in the Black Lives Matter movement.
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